Awakening Through Recognition

This is the first in a series of articles written to unravel the deep interconnectedness between the philosophies of Kashmir Shaivism and Srividya.

Pratyabhijna Darshana is a profound school of Shaiva philosophy within Kashmir Shaivism. It originated and flourished in the valleys of Kashmir. The term “Pratyabhijñā” translates to “recognition” or “direct knowledge of oneself.” This encapsulates a core principle of self-realisation and reflective wisdom. It aligns closely with the spiritual teachings found in the Upanishads and the Yoga Shastra.

The Pratyabhijna philosophy focuses on the transformational journey of recognising one’s divine nature. It highlights that the individual soul (jiva) is not separate from the universal consciousness (Shiva). This school of thought extensively explores the metaphysical aspects of existence and emphasises the reunion of the individual self with the absolute. This concept resonates with the non-dualistic nature of Advaita.

Throughout history, the region of Kashmir has produced several exceptional saints, yogis, and scholars who have made significant contributions to the development and propagation of the philosophy of Pratyabhijna Among these notable figures, Somananda, Uttpaladeva, Abhinavagupta, and Kshemraja stand out for their exceptional scholarly work and spiritual experiences. In particular, Abhinavagupta’s commentaries are widely regarded for their insightful and comprehensive analysis and have played a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of Kashmir Shaivism. These great thinkers have woven together a rich tapestry of ideas and practices that continue to inspire and influence individuals seeking spiritual growth and self-realisation.

Pratyabhijna is a philosophy that places great importance on recognising and experiencing one’s true self. This is particularly relevant in the context of the Srividya tradition, which also emphasises awakening one’s inner self and recognising the interconnectedness of all things. The practice of Srividya involves worshipping the Divine Mother, Sri Lalita Tripurasundari. By understanding the principles of Pratyabhijna Darshana, practitioners can gain invaluable insights into the spiritual practices of Srividya. This knowledge provides a framework for diving into the subtle realms of consciousness and exploring the mysteries of the universe.

The Nature of Shiva: Insight into Prakāsha, Ānanda, and Svātantrya

In Pratyabhijna, Shiva is the one who is “Prakāsha” (self-luminous, all-pervading light of consciousness), “Ānanda” (bliss as a fundamental characteristic of the supreme consciousness) and “Svātantrya” (absolute freedom and autonomy of the divine will). These qualities articulate the nature of Shiva, the supreme consciousness and the ultimate reality in Kashmir Shaivism.

• Prakāsha: “Prakāsha” refers to the self-luminous, all-pervading light of consciousness. This light is undivided and indivisible, signifying the inherent clarity and illumination of the universal consciousness (Shiva). It is through this light that all things are made manifest and known. Prakāsha is not just a symbolic light but the actual nature of consciousness that illuminates both the external world and the inner realm of thoughts and feelings. It reveals the unity of all diversity.

• Ānanda: Bliss or “Ānanda” is not merely emotional happiness but the fundamental characteristic of the supreme consciousness. Ānanda is the essence of existence and the ultimate nature of reality. This bliss is inherent and not derived from external sources. It is an expression of the complete and total fulfilment that comes from realising one’s unity with Shiva. In the context of Pratyabhijna, experiencing Ānanda means experiencing the joy of being in union with the universal consciousness.

• Svātantrya: Independence or “Svātantrya” is another critical aspect of Shiva’s nature in Pratyabhijna philosophy. It refers to the absolute freedom and autonomy of the divine will. Svātantrya is the power of Shiva to manifest, sustain, and dissolve the universe according to his will, without any external influence or limitation. This independence is also an attribute that the individual realises in the state of enlightenment. Recognising one’s Svātantrya means understanding that one’s true nature is free from all forms of external dependency and limitations, embodying the creative freedom of consciousness itself.

These concepts are interlinked in describing the state of ultimate realisation in Pratyabhijna. Together, they depict a state of being where the individual recognises themselves as a non-dual extension of Shiva, characterised by the undivided light of awareness, the inherent bliss of being, and the ultimate independence of existence. This realisation is the goal of the Pratyabhijna path — to awaken to one’s true nature as both the creator and the creation, immersed in the light and joy of pure consciousness.

The Goal of the Pratyabhijñā Path: The Path of Inner Discovery

In Pratyabhijna philosophy, the ultimate goal is to realise one’s true self as a non-dual extension of Shiva. This awakening goes beyond mere intellectual acceptance and becomes a deep experiential understanding that our essence is inseparable from the supreme consciousness. In this philosophy, Shiva is not seen as a distant deity but rather as the intrinsic nature of every individual, expressed through Prakāsha (the undivided light of awareness), Ānanda (inherent bliss), and Svātantrya (supreme freedom).

The journey of Pratyabhijna is an introspective voyage aimed at rediscovering and reclaiming the divine presence that resides within every individual. This path is less about seeking an external entity and more about reawakening to one’s intrinsic divine nature. This nature is both the origin and manifestation of all creation. Realising there is no separation between the creator (Shiva) and the creation (the universe and oneself), one unveils a non-dual existence where one lives in perfect harmony with the cosmos.

Transformation Through Self-Recognition

The path of Pratyabhijna brings about a fundamental transformation in one’s existence, turning everyday life into a dynamic expression of divine play (Lila). This state allows individuals to participate and observe life, achieving complete awareness and profound liberation. The central concept of this transformative experience is Siva Swaroopa or divine essence. It recognises that the individual soul (Jeevatma) and the universal soul (Paramatma) are not separate entities but are unified expressions of pure consciousness.

Maya, the cosmic illusion, often hides the truth of the soul’s inherent luminosity. This obscuration makes it crucial to recognise one’s true nature through Pratyabhijna. This involves peeling away the layers of illusion to reveal the underlying unity with the divine. Recognising one’s true nature offers a liberated view of existence where personal and universal consciousness are understood to be the same. This profound recognition shifts one’s perspective entirely, making life a continual revelation of the divine. Every moment becomes an opportunity for spiritual awakening and fulfilment.

Liberation Through Knowledge and Action

In the Pratyabhijna philosophy, the attainment of unity with Shiva is greatly facilitated by the dynamic interplay of Jnana Shakti (the power of knowledge) and Kriya Shakti (the power of action). These fundamental forces enable individuals to exercise their free will and gain a profound understanding of the nature of the universe. They are self-luminous, illuminating themselves and the path for the seeker. Moreover, they are inherently interconnected, ensuring that knowledge and action always inform and support each other.

The combination of Jnana Shakti and Kriya Shakti guides individuals throughout their lives as they encounter different experiences influenced by various factors such as time, location, physical body, and situational context. The essence of Shiva, known as Prakasha, represents the ultimate reality and is embodied by the perfect union of knowledge and action. This union is called Samvijnana, or comprehensive knowledge, where understanding becomes complete, and individuals integrate their insights into their everyday actions, leading to a life lived according to the highest truths of existence. Through this profound integration, seekers understand and embody the divine, paving the way to true liberation.

Manifestation and Enlightenment

Vasugupta was a significant figure in the Pratyabhijna philosophy. He depicted the universe as a divine manifestation of Shiva, emerging spontaneously within Shunya (the void), created without physical instruments. This cosmic manifestation is not seen as separate from the direct expression of Parameshwara (the Supreme Lord). It connects every soul (jeeva) with the divine essence (Ishwara). Recognising this profound unity allows individuals to attain Para Siddhi (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) and Apara Siddhi (entry into heavenly realms).

Mukti, which means liberation, is attained by realising the inseparability between jeeva (individual soul) and Parameshwara (the supreme consciousness). Failing to acknowledge this unity is considered bondage. The Pratyabhijna philosophical framework states that the cosmos is structured through 36 tattvas, ranging from the most tangible (gross) elements to the subtlest energies, providing a comprehensive understanding of the spiritual anatomy of the universe.

Pratyabhijna and Tripura Rahasya

“Tripura Rahasya” is a revered text belonging to the Srividya tradition. It is considered to be one of the fundamental scriptures within this tradition. It beautifully aligns with the principles of Pratyabhijna philosophy, which explores the intricacies of self-realisation and the non-dual nature of the universe. This alignment between the two traditions underscores a profound convergence of metaphysical insights.

“Tripura Rahasya” is a spiritual text that explores deep dialogues and teachings related to the divine play and cosmic manifestations of the Goddess. It reflects the Pratyabhijna philosophy, which focuses on the self’s direct recognition of its inherent divinity as inseparable from Shiva. This synthesis not only enriches the understanding of Srividya practices but also offers a comprehensive philosophical framework that complements the introspective and realisation-focused aspects of Pratyabhijna.

Conclusion: Pratyabhijñā and Srividya in the Quest for Enlightenment

Pratyabhijna and Srividya are two profound spiritual paths that offer a transformative journey of self-discovery and cosmic understanding. These paths guide seekers towards unlocking the deepest aspects of their being, leading to a profound realisation of their place in the universe. Practitioners, known as Sadhakas, follow a rigorous and disciplined path of spiritual practice, which includes meditation, contemplation, and self-reflection. Through these practices, they gradually unravel the layers of their being, leading to a profound understanding of themselves and the universe. The ultimate goal of these traditions is to experience oneself as an integral part of the vast reality of Shiva, the supreme consciousness that pervades all creation. Rooted in the ancient wisdom of Kashmir Shaivism, these traditions offer a unique and powerful path towards realising one’s fullest potential and living a life of purpose and fulfilment.